System for manufacturing maps



Nov. 29, 1966 I HOLM 3 SYSTEM FOR MANUFACTURING MAPS Filed Nov. 30, 1962 4 Sheets-Sheet 1 Z0 Y A 7 1.

D E F G H J K o o o e 0 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 F. O. HOLM SYSTEM FOR MANUFACTURING MAPS Nov. 29, 1966 Filed Nov. 30, 1962 Nov. 29, 1966 F. o. HOLM SYSTEM FOR MANUFACTURING MAPS 4 Sheets-Sheet 5 Filed NOV. 30, 1962 Park 24W (Bll) Nov. 29, 1966 F. o. HOLM 3,287,831

SYSTEM FOR MANUFACTURING MAPS Filed Nov. 50, 1962 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 STREET INDEX H ll s1: (Bil) KQLIA Park Av (Bil) JP-IO K INVENTOR. Fed/V6 0. A OLM 25% st (81!) KPLIK 47' ae/ve/ United States Patent 3,287,831 SYSTEM FOR MANUFACTURING MAPS Francis 0. Holm, Glendale, Calif., assignor to Western lg Iap Company, Glendale, Calif, a corporation of Caliornia Filed Nov. 30, 1962, Ser. No. 241,388 Claims. (Cl. 3542) This invention relates to an improved system for making maps and their associated indices. The invention applies particularly to the manufacture of secondary maps of portions of a larger area, and more particularly to improvements in systems for indexing such secondary maps.

Methods have been employed heretofore for making secondary maps of portions of larger areas for which primary maps have previously been prepared, and for indexing various legends, such as streets, that appear on the secondary maps. A typical method of indexing secondary map that has been employed heretofore involves the preparation of an aliphatical or alphanumeric index of legends representing various geographical features such as streets on a master map, preparing a secondary map of a portion of the master map, visually examining the secondary map to identify legends appearing thereon, and preparing an entirely new index for the secondary map. Another typical method of indexing a secondary map that has been employed heretofore in indexing a secondary ma-p involves visual examination of the index of the master map and selecting from that list the legends of the features represented on the secondary map together with code or key symbols that have previously been incorporated in the index. The employment of such methods is very tedious, time-consuming, and expensive.

In accordance with this invention, a master, or control or primary map of a relatively large geographical area is divided into rectangular sections of uniform size, such as ten miles square, and primary detail maps are made of the geographical features present in various sections (not necessarily all) of a portion of said master map. For reasons that are explained herein-after, all of the detail maps are drawn to the same scale. Each of the sections is identified by a different distinguishing code symbol on the master map and on the respective detail maps that have been prepared.

A separate index is prepared for each detail map. Such an index includes a list of the legends of the features represented on the detail map and a trinomial code symbol including the code symbol of that section and also the code symbols of the coordinates of the location where the legend appears on the detail map.

In the best mode of practicing the invention now known, the name of the legend and the code symbols indicating the section and the location of the legend on the respective detail maps are recorded on punched cards. The name of each legend is printed on the card in visible form and each of the code symbols or location indicators is punched on the card in an appropriate one of three corresponding fields. One field is employed to record the code symbol of the section represented by the detail map and the other two fields are employed to record code symbols representative of the coordinates of the legend on the detail map. The same system of coordinates is employed for idenifying congruent locations on the respective detail maps. The use of uniform coordinates on the respective detail maps and the use of the section symbols facilitate the preparation of indices for secondary integrated composite maps that are made from primary detail maps in accordance with this invention. The use of such code symbols in indexing the legends shown on the individual detail maps also facilitates the prepara- 3,287,831 Patented Nov. 29, 1966 tion of indices of secondary maps that represent only portions of the areas of detail maps.

In the preparation of the index of a secondary map, the punched cards that correspond to the sections and partial sections that are represented on the secondary map, are separated from punched cards that do not. Then the selected cards are arranged in alphanumeric order and the final index for the secondary map is prepared from the alphabetically and numerically ordered selected cards. Additionally, the secondary map is provided with borders that carry copies of the code symbols appropriate to the areas represented.

While the invention may be practiced in some of its aspects entirely manually, in the most efiicient method of employing the invention, the indexing information is recorded on punched cards, so that machine rather than manual methods may be employed for selecting index cards that correspond to legends shown on the second-ary maps, and for listing in alphanumeric order all of the legends together with trinomial code symbols indicative of their locations on the secondary map.

While this invention is applicable to the indexing of other types of legends, it will be described herein in an embodiment in which city streets are indexed. It will therefore be understood that while such description is introduced for the sake of concrete illustration of the invention, in fact the invention may also be usefully and advantageously applied to types of map-s other than street maps.

The invention will be understood by reference to the accompanying description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:

In the drawings:

FIGURE 1 represents a map of a relatively large area divided into sections;

FIG. 2 is a schematic drawing illustrating a plan fora typical detail map of a single section;

FIG. 3 represents a secondary composite map representing parts of several sections;

FIG. 4 represents an alternative form of a secondary composite map; 7

FIG. 5 represents a deck of punched index cards employed in an embodiment of this invention;

F G. 6 is a representation of a typical card;

FIG. 7 is a representation of a secondary composite map showing streets and other features;

FIG. 8 is an enlarged representation of a portion of the map of FIG. 7; and

FIG. 9 is a representation of a fragment of an index of the map shown in FIG. 7 particularly showing streets indicate-d in the portion of the map illustrated'in FIG. 8.

In the drawings, FIG. 1 represents a master map of an area, FIG. 2 represents a detail map of an individual section included on the master map, FIG. 7 represents an integral composite map prepared from detail maps of adjacent sections, FIG. 5 represents a portion of a deck of indexing cards, and FIG. 9 represents a portion of an index of the composite maps; The other figures are introduced to aid in explaining the invention.

Referring to the drawings, FIG. 1 shows a map 20 representative of the western half of the State of Montana. In this case, the entire area of that part of the State shown is divided into rectangular sections 22 that represent square areas 10 miles on each side. For simplicity the map section is often said to have an areaof 10 miles square and lengths for the maps are usually referredto by the lengths of corresponding distances on the arc of the earth represented.

The map sections are defined by means of a set of parallel vertical or longitudinal 1ines 10 miles apart and a set of parallel horizontal or latitudinal lines 10 miles apart. While the squares might have different dimensions, and

While other shapes than square might be employed, sections that are 10 miles square are very suitable to employ partly because of the simplicity of coordination with many standard maps of the US. Geological Survey and partly because it facilitates the -use.of the decimal system in organizing secondary maps and partly by virtue .of the fact that it facilitates the measurement of distances on secondary maps.

Each of the sections is identified by a different code symbol, certain of the sections in a part of the map being designated in this case for purposes of illustration by the code symbols JP, JQ, JR, JS, KP, KQ, KR, KS, LP, LQ, LR, and LS respectively. These sections are arranged in a regular rectangular pattern. The invention is explained particularly in connection with the production of a secondary integral composite map of a part of the primary master map.

The section for which a detail map is represented in FIG. 2 is the section JP of the master map of FIG. 1. A part of this section is also reproduced later as part of the composite map of FIG. 7. The section JP is divided into 100 square subsections of equal size. Each of the subsections is located at a position that is described by means of interval coordinates. Subsections identified by the same coordinate code symbol but lying in different sections are said to be incongruent locations. Ten such coordinates A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J, K (I is omitted) identify sections that lie between 11 successive vertical grid lines spaced 1 mile apart. Ten such coordinates 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 identity sections that lie between eleven successive horizontal grid lines spaced 1 mile apart. Each subsection can be located within the section JP from its coordinates. For example, the subsection identified as 3E'is in the fifth mile interval from the west side of the section JP and in the third mile interval from the north edge of the section JP. While it is not absolutely essential to the invention, coordinate intervals are identified by the same symbols A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J, K and l, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 extending in horizontal and vertical directions respectively from the northwest corner of every section.

FIG. 3 is an outline for a composite map representative of the area bounded by the heavy rectangular lines 31, 32, 33, and 34 of 'FIG. 1. As shown more clearly in FIG. 3, the composite map includes the entire section KQ, a lower part of the section J Q, an eastern part of the section KP, a southeast part of the section JP, a southwestern part of the section JR, and a western part of the section KR. The borders of the composite map of FIG. 3 coincide with the locations of the grid lines, whether visible or latent, of the detail maps of the various sections.

While the outer or boundary lines that divide adjacent sections are indicated in solid lines and the intervening grid lines that separate adjacent subsections are represented in phantom by dashed lines, in practice, the intervening lines are generally not shown on the secondary map but are merely latent and are indicated usually simply by markers 28 such as dots or the like along the tops and sides of the composite maps. Such latent lines may be made visible, if desired, simply by drawing lines between corresponding markers at the tops and corresponding markers at the sides of the secondary map. In practice, since the distances between such markers are standard, no lines at all need to be employed. The code symbol that identifies each section or detail map to which a part of the composite map corresponds is printed on the face of the detail map.

The secondary map of the desired portion 30 of the master map is prepared from the detail maps of the sections JP, JQ, JR, KP, KQ, KR, LP, LQ, and LR. While the secondary map may be prepared by drafting methods, they may also be prepared photographically by laying duplicates of the detail maps of the sections in question assembled in appropriate side-by-side relation, and then photographing the assemblage to form the integrated com- 4 posite map, 'as defined and claimed in copending patent application Serial No. 241,203, filed by Leslie Robert Henderson on November 30, 1962, now Patent No. 3,238,857.

Before the final photographic step, code symbols representing the coordinates are applied to the borders of the assemblage in locations thereon that are congruent with the locations of the coordinates on the detail maps represented in the composite map. Additionally, appropriate code symbols are placed on or adjacent to the parts of the sections which have been reproduced in the composite map.

With this arrangement, the locations of any point such as points S, T, U, and Z are identified in an index by trinomial code symbols as follows:

Legend: Code symbol S JP-lOJ T JQ-SD U KQ-3H Z KR-ZB With this arrangement, if the symbols S, T, U, and Z represent legends such as street names and the foregoing table is an index of the street names, any street may be located readily on the composite map by reference to the trinomial index term composed of a prefix term and a sufiix term. For example, to locate the street U, it is noted that the trinomial index term, or code symol, is KQ3H. It is determined from the prefix to this term that the street lies in the map section identified by the symbol KQ. This section is easily found by reference to the code symbol KQ along the lower boundary of the composite map. The suffix 3H of this term represents the coordinates thus facilitating immediate location of the symbol U within the section KQ of the composite map.

'If the map includes one or more sections which are completely surrounded by parts of other sections, then the section code symbols are most suitably placed in the midst of the sections shown on the composite map as shown in FIG. 4, instead of along the borders as indicated in FIG. 3.

In the case of the map represented in FIG. 7, the code symbol IP has been placed above and beside the portion of the composite map that was taken from the section JP of the master map. Likewise, the code symbol JQ has been placed above the portion of the composite map that was taken from the section IQ of the master map. Additionally, the code symbol JR has been placed above and beside the portion of the composite map that was taken from the section JR of the master map. In addition, the code symbol KP has been placed below and beside the portion of the composite map that was taken from the section KP of the master map. Also, the code symbol KQ has been placed below the portion of the composite map that was taken from the section KQ of the master map. And also, the code symbol KR has been placed below and beside the portion of the composite map that was taken from the section KR of the master map.

It will be noted that beneath the legend JQ along the upper edge of the composite map, the code symbols A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J, and K appear. These symbols are located in positions on the composite map corresponding to the positions of subsections that bear the same horizontal coordinates on the map JQ. It will likewise be noted that beneath the legend JP along the upper edge of the composite map the code symbols H, J, K appear. These symbols are located in positions on the composite map corresponding to the positions of subsections that bear the same horizontal coordinates on the map. JP. Additionally, it will :be noted that beneath the legend JR along the upper edge of the composite map the symbols A and B appear. These symbols are located in positions on the composite map corresponding to the positions of subsections that bear the same horizontal coordinates on map JR.

Similarly, it will be noted that above the legend KQ along the lower edge of the composite map, the code symbols A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J, K appear. These symbols are located in positions on the composite map corresponding to the positions of subsections that bear the same horizontal coordinates on the map KQ. It will likewise be noted that above the legend KP along the lower edge of the composite map the code symbols H, J, K appear. These symbols are located in positions on the composite map corresponding to the positions of subsections that bear the same horizontal coordinates on the map KP. Additionally, it will be noted that above the legend KR along the lower edge of the composite map the code symbols A and B appear. These symbols are located in positions on the composite map corre sponding to the positions of subsections that bear the same horizontal coordinates on the map KR.

In addition, it will be noted that beside the legends JP and JR along the left and right edges of the composite map the code symbols 8, 9, and appear. These symbols are located in positions on the composite map corresponding to the positions of subsections that bear the same vertical coordinates on the maps JP, IQ, and JR. And beside the legends KP and KR alOng the left and right edges of the composite map, the symbols 1, 2, 3, and 4 appear. These symbols are located in positions on the composite map corresponding to the positions of subsections that bear the same vertical coordinates on the maps KP, KQ, and KR.

According to this invention in its best embodiment, each of the legends represented on each detail map of the sections that have been mapped is recorded on a machine-readable punched card 50, such as a standard 80-colurnn IBM card, together with the composite code symbol that indicates the location of the legend on the corresponding detail map, and all of the cards are arranged in suitable decks and subdecks according to a suitable filing plan as indicated in FIG. 5. An individual index card as illustrated in FIG. 6. As indicated in FIG. 5, the index cards for each detail map are filed as a separate subdeck and the respective subdecks are headed by corresponding separator cards that bear tabs 42 upon which are written the code symbols of the respective map sections. In some circumstances all of the index cards for a single city or county or other political subdivision are grouped together.

It is to be noted that the card 54) is divided into six record fields 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56 with some of these fields separated by empty fields. The first field 51 is reserved merely for printing the name of the legend such as a street name, and the name of the city or other area in which the street is located 61a and also the trinomial code symbol 61b for locating the legend either on a composite map or a detail map. This street name and code symbol may be printed directly on the card in very black photographically reproducible and easily readable type. The second field 52 is reserved for the recording of the legend both in machine-readable 62a form and visual form 62b. The field 53 is reserved for recording the name of the community in machine-readable 63a form and visibly readable form 63b. The field 54 is reserved for recording the code symbol identifying the section in which the feature corresponding to the legend is located in machine-readable form 64a and visual form 64b. The field 55 is reserved for recording in machine-readable form 65a and in visual form 65b the mile-interval in which the legend is located below the northern boundary of the detail map. The field 56 is reserved for recording in machine-readable form 66a and in visually readable form 66b the mile-interval in which the legend is located east of the western boundary of the detail map.

In building up a mapping system in accordance with this invention, a primary or master map is made for the area to which this system is to be applied and this master map is divided into sections as illustrated in FIG. 1. This establishes a control plan for the recording of indexing information for the various sections of the master map. In this way a fixed eflicient arrangement is established for the preparation of detail maps of various sections according to a fixed indexing plan independently of the sequence in which interest in the various sections is developed and for the development of composite maps from such detail maps and the recorded indexes that have been prepared for the various sections.

In other words, as each detail map is prepared for the respective sections of the master map, punched index cards of the type shown in FIG. 6 are prepare-d. In one method of storing the index cards corresponding to the various sections, the index cards corresponding to legends in each section are stacked together as a subdeck and the subdeck is stored separately in a master deck as illustrated in FIG. 5.

Thereafter, when a composite map is to be prepared covering a continuous part of several adjacent sections of the master map, the detail maps (or copies thereof) corresponding to those sections are assembled and photographed to form a composite map with an appropriate border as illustrated in FIG. 7 and an index for the legends of the composite map is prepared directly from the master deck.

When the index cards of the master deck have been A stored as subdecks according to map sections as illustrated in FIG. 5, the subdecks corresponding to the various sections, at least parts of which are included in the composite map of FIG. 7, are selected from the master deck. In effect, the cards for legends that are present on the composite map are selected by selectively separating from the master index those cards that bear the code symbols of the sections or subsections represented, at least in part, in the composite map. Then those cards which correspond to legends present in the sections and subsections which are reproduced in the composite map are selected in accordance with the code symbols of such sections and subsections. Thereafter all of the selected cards are alphabetized or otherwise arranged in alphanumeric order. After the cards are placed in such order,-

an alphanumeric index of the legends appearing in the composite map is produced by photographic or other means. The index is generally printed on the same sheet of paper as the composite map to which is refers. In FIG. 9 a portion of such an index is shown indicating the positions of corresponding legends on the map of FIG. 7.

After the index has been prepared, the index cards are separated in accordance with section code symbols andthe cards corresponding to each section are returned to the locations of such sections in the master index file.

In the indexing process the selecting of the cards may be performed either manually by inspection of the visible readable code symbols 63b, 64b, and 65b and 66b, or by means of a mechanical sorting machine. Whether the cards selected for use in constructing the index are selected manually or automatically, they are selected by a method that may be described by appropriate Boolean equations. In the case of the map of FIG. '7, the Boolean equation employed for selection may be written:

S=(]P)(8-|-9+10)(H+]+K) This equation appropriately interpreted means that all the following cards are selected: (1) Cards that bear the section index JP and one of the vertical code symbols 8, 9, or 10 and one of the horizontal code symbols H, J, or K;

(2) Cards that bear the section code symbol IQ and one of the vertical code symbols 8, 9, or 10 irrespective of the horizontal code symbols A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, or K;

(3) Cards that bear the section code symbols JR and one of the vertical code symbols 8, 9, or 10 and one of the horizontal code symbols A or B;

(4) Cards that bear the section code symbol KP and one of the vertical code symbols 1, 2, 3, or 4 and one of the horizontal code symbols H, J, or K;

(5) Cards that bear the section code symbol KQ and one of the code symbols 1, 2, 3, or 4 irrespective of the horizontal coordinates A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, or K;

(6) Cards that bear the section code symbol KR and one of the code symbols 1, 2, 3, or 4 and one of the code symbols A or B.

If a larger map were being made and the entire section KQ were to be employed, then the symbol KQ of that section would appear alone as a term in the foregoing summation.

In view of the fact that the indexing code symbols are expressed in integral coordinates represented by symbols A, B, C, etc., and 1, 2, 3, etc., for maximum economy the composite maps are most suitably designed to have boundaries that coincide with the grid lines that separate subsections. Unless this is done, some of the legends may be omitted from the index unless added manually, or legends located in areas outside the area of the map may be indexed.

If perchance a map is being made of just a portion of a single section, such for example, as a map of the southwest corner of the section JP shown in FIG. 7, a similar Boolean selection equation is employed such as the following:

S=JP(6+7+8+9+10) (H+]+K) This selection equation is interpreted to mean that all cards are to be selected that bear the section code symbol JP and any of the code symbols 6, 7, 8, 9, or and any of the code symbols H, J, or K.

In the preparation of the index, the cards are arranged in alphanumeric order. To this end the selected cards are sorted into two groups in one of which the names of the streets are arranged in alphabetical order and in the other group, the names of streets are listed in numerical order. The arrangement of the cards in the two groups into alphabetical and numerical orders respectively can be accomplished manually or even better, by means of conventional sorting and collating machines.

In the event that legends other than streets are to be indexed such as the names of parks, monuments, airports,

buildings, and the like, appropriate code symbols indicative of legends in this group may be employed for identification of the members of the group and a code symbol identifying the group may be recorded in an additional field of the index cards. In such a case, for example, the cards bearing the legends in that group may be separated and indexed first, andthen the remaining cards can be employed to form an alphanumeric index as described above. Likewise since an abbreviation of the name of a city such as BIL is recorded in another field of the index cards, all the cards hearing such abbreviations may be separated and then arranged in an alphanumeric index.

Further improvements can be made in this invention by recording on the punched card the state or region to which the master map applies and recording information respecting such region in another field of the punched card.

In making use of the index of FIG. 9 with the corresponding map of FIG. 7, the name of the street of interest is located in the street index and the trin-omial code symbol opposite it is noted thereupon. The position of the street on the map of FIG. 7 is found by means of that code symbol. Thus, for example, to locate Park Avenue on the map, reference to the street index shows that Park Avenue is located in section JP of the map of FIG. 7 and in the subsection thereof indicated by the coordinates 10K. Turning to the map and referring to the upper lefthand corner thereof which represents a portion of the section JP, Park Avenue is located at the intersection of the interval indicated by subsection 10 and the interval indicated by the coordinate K. Similarly, the other streets indicated may also be located in accordance with the trinomial code symbols opposite their names.

It is thus seen that this invention provides a flexible and economical method for manufacturing composite maps covering arbitrarily selected portions of a master map. By virtue of the fact that the master map is divided into sections and detail maps are made of such sections together with punched card indices of the legends represented in the individual detail maps, great economy is achieved in the subsequent manufacture of composite maps covering such sections or parts thereof. The success of this invention depends in part upon the adoption of a trinomal indexing system described and in part upon the use of both a sectionalized master map and detail maps of the various sections. While the invention has been described with particular reference to street maps, it will be understood that it may also be employed in the manufacture of other kinds of maps and that many variations may be made in the manufacture of maps in accordance with the principles of this invention. More particularly, it will be understood that the sections need not be square or even rectangular and that in some embodiments of the invention, the grid lines that separate sections need not be orthogonal or even rectilinear. It will therefore be understood that the invention is not limited to the particular embodiment thereof described herein, but may be embodied in many other forms within the scope of the appended claims.

The invention claimed is:

1. A combination of the type described for making a secondary map of an area that is a fraction of a larger area COl'llpIlSlIlgZ a master map of said larger area, the part of the map representing said larger area being divided into sections separated by boundary lines, each of said sections being identified by an area code symbol thereon;

detail maps of the respective sections, each of said detail maps bearing legends identifying features of the area represented by each said detail map;

a deck of index cards comprising a plurality of subdecks of separate groups of index cards corresponding respectively to each of said detail maps, each of said index cards bearing a record of a legend of a feature on the corresponding detail map, each of said index cards being a punched card having first, second, and third fields in specific locations thereon for the recording of indexing information, each of said cards bearing in its first field a code symbol of the section in which the legend on said each record is represented in said detail map and also bearing in said second and third fields respectively indicia indicating the location where said legend appears on said detail map, said code symbols being in the form of perforations punched in alphanumeric code, congruent locations on the respective detail maps being represented by indentical indicia punched on the punched cards in fields thereon corresponding to said congruent locations on said detail maps.

2. A method of producing a secondary map representative of a portion of a part of a master map which oomprises:

impressing on said master map boundary lines that divide said part of said master map into sections; and applying to said master map corresponding distinguishing code symbols that identify the respective sections;

preparing detail maps of a plurality of mutually adjacent sections that are located in said part of said master map by incorporating on said detail map graphical representations of various features of the geographical area corresponding to said adjacent sections and by placing legends identifying those features on said detail maps, each of said detail maps being identified by the code symbol of the section represented in said detail map;

preparing an index record for each of said legends represented on the detail map of each of said sections, all of said index records having fields for the recording of corresponding information in corresponding locations thereon;

recording in one field of each of said index records a code symbol indicating the section corresponding to the detail map on while said legend appears;

also recording in second and third fields respectively of each of said index records coordinate symbols that identify the location of the legend on the detail map where that legend appears;

and utilizing in the recording identical coordinate symbols to represent congruent positions on the respective detail maps;

selecting a plurality, but less than all, of said detail maps corresponding to different adjacent sections of said master map;

preparing from the selected detail maps an integrated composite map showing the legends present on different detail maps;

placing code symbols on said integrated composite map identifying the sections of the master map in which the respective features shown on said integrated composite map are located;

selecting from the index records those index records that correspond to features represented on the detail maps from which said integrated composite map has been prepared; and

then preparing from said selected index records an alphanumeric index of the legends appearing in said integrated composite map by listing said legends in alphanumeric order and placing in a position physically associated with each of the respective legends a code symbol identifying the section in which the feature corresponding to said legend is located and also code symbols representative of the coordinates of the location of said feature within the part of the section of said integrated composite map in which said legend is located whereby a person referring to said index is referred to the location of said legend on said integrated composite map.

3. A method of producing a secondary map representative of a portion of a part of a master map which comprises:

impressing a set of uniformly spaced horizontal visible lines on said part of said master map and impressing a set of uniformly spaced vertical visible lines on said part of said master map to divide said part of said master map into rectangular sections, impressing on the map code symbols that distinguish sections from each other;

preparing detail maps of a plurality of mutually adjacent sections that are located in said part of said master map by applying to said detail maps graphical representations of various features of the geographical area corresponding to said adjacent sections and by placing legends identifying those features on said detail maps, applying the code symbol that has been impressed on each of said sections of said master map to the corresponding detail map of said section;

preparing a punched index card for each of said legends represented on the detail map of each of said secfleas, all of said index cards having fields for the recording of corresponding information in corresponding locations thereon;

punching in one field of each of said index cards a code symbol indicating the section corresponding to the detail map on which said legend appears;

also punching in second and third fields respectively on each of said index cards two coordinates that identify the location where that legend appears on the detail map of said indicated section, the coordinates on all the cards corresponding to the same position relative to the borders of the sections corresponding to the respective detail maps; 7

and utilizing identical punchings to represent equal coordinates on the respective cards;

selecting a plurality of detail maps corresponding to different adjacent sections of said master map;

preparing from the selected detail maps an integrated composite map showing the legends present on different detail maps;

placing code symbols on said integrated composite map identifying the sections in which the respective features shown on said integrated composite map are located;

separating from the index cards those index cards that correspond to features represented on the detail maps from which said integrated composite map has been prepared by selecting index cards bearing the code symbols corresponding to said adjacent sections from index cards that do not hear such code symbols; and

then preparing from said selected index cards a written alphanumeric index of the legends appearing in said integrated composite map by listing said legends in alphanumeric order and placing in a position physically associated with each of the respective legends a code symbol identifying the section in which the feature corresponding to said legend is located and also code symbols representative of the coordinates of the location of said feature within the area of said integrated composite map is located whereby a person referring to said index is referred to the location of said legend on said integrated composite map.

4. A sheet map comprising:

a sheet having vertical and horizontal borders enclosing a map area,

said borders bearing markers that divide said map area into a plurality of areas forming parts of different reference sections of equal size, at least parts of at least two such sections being represented on the map, said map bearing indicia identifying the respective sections,

the vertical borders of said map being provided with indicia of vertical interval coordinates defining bands of areas extending horizontally on said map area,

the horizontal borders of said map comprising indicia of horizontal interval coordinates defining bands of areas extending vertically on said map are-a,

the areas at the intersections of horizontal and vertical bands in congruent parts of said sections being identified by identical coordinates,

legends of features of the area represented by said map being impressed on said map area in areas forming parts of different sections,

an alphanumeric index of said legends being impressed upon said sheet together with corresponding trinomial code symbols indicating the locations of said legends in said map area,

the respective legends being tabulated in alphanumeric order as a list of legends with the trinomial symbols located adjacent the respective legends to which they correspond,

each trinomial symbol comprising first, second, and third parts, the first part of said trinomial symbol identifying the section in which the legend is indicated and the second and third parts of said trinomial symbol representing horizontal and vertical coordinates of the area of the section in which said legend is located identical horizontal coordinates in various sections being represented by the same code symbol 'and identical vertical coordinates of the respective sections being represented by the identical code symbol.

5. A method of producing a composite secondary map representative of a portion of a master map which comprises:

impressing boundary lines on said master map to divide the master map into separate sections; marking each of the separate sections with a corresponding distinguishing code symbol;

making a plurality of detail maps corresponding respectively to a plurality of mutually adjacent sections of said separate map, and in the making of each of the detail maps impressing graphical representations of various features of the geographical area corresponding to the section represented by said detail map,

placing legends identifying those features on said detail maps and marking on each of said detail maps the code symbol that identifies the section of said master map represented in said detail map;

for each of said detail maps punching an index card corresponding to each of said legends represented on said detail map to prepare a subdeck of punched index cards for each of said detail maps,

each of said cards being divided into first, second, and

third fields having corresponding locations on all of said cards;

punching in one field of each of said index cards the code symbol indicating the section of the detail map on which the legend recorded on said card appears; also punching in second and third fields respectively on each of said index cards two coordinates that identify the location Where that legend appears on the detail map of said indicated section relative to the borders of the sections represented;

and utilizing identical punchings to represent equal coordinates on the respective cards;

selecting a plurality, but less than all, of said detail maps corresponding to different adjacent sections of said master map;

preparing from the selected detail maps an integrated composite map showing the legends present on different detail maps;

placing code symbols on said integrated composite map identifying the sections in which the respective features shown on said integrated composite map are located; I

selectively removing from said deck of index cards the subdecks corresponding only to the selected detail maps from which said integrated composite map has been compared;

arranging all of the index cards of the selectively removed subdecks in alphanumeric order;

and preparing from the ordered cards a list of said legends in alphanumeric order together with the associated code symbols recorded on the respective cards thereby forming an index from which a person is able to locate each of said legend on said integrated composite map.

References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,128,100 2/1915 Buchanan 283-34 1,192,829 7/1916 Harriman.

1,408,417 2/1922 Soderberg 283-34 1,587,506 6/1926 Charlton 35-42 EUGENE R. CAPOZIO, Primary Examiner- JEROME SCHNALL, Examiner.

H. s. SKOGQUIST, Assistant Examiner.. 

1. A COMBINATION OF THE TYPE DESCRIBED FOR MARKING A SECONDARY MAP OF AN AREA THAT IS A FRACTION OF A LARGER AREA COMPRISING: A MASTER MAP OF SAID LARGER AREA, THE PART OF THE MAP REPRESENTING SAID LARGER AREA BEING DIVIDED INTO SECTIONS SEPARATED BY BOUNDARY LINES, EACH OF SAID SECTIONS BEING IDENTIFIED BY AN AREA CODE SYMBOL THEREON; DETAIL MAPS OF THE RESPECTIVE SECTIONS, EACH OF SAID DETAIL MAPS BEARING LEGENDS IDENTIFYING FEATURES OF THE AREA REPRESENTED BY EACH SAID DETAIL MAP; A DECK OF INDEX CARDS COMPRISING A PLURALITY OF SUBDECKS TO SEPARATE GROUPS OF INDEX CARDS CORRESPONDING RESPECTIVELY TO EACH OF SAID DETAIL MAPS, EACH OF SAID INDEX CARDS BEARING A RECORD OF A LEGEND OF A FEATURE ON THE CORRESPONDING DETAIL MAP, EACH OF SAID INDEX CARDS BEING A PUNCHED CARD HAVING FIRST, SECOND, AND THIRD FIELDS IN SPECIFIC LOCATIONS THEREON FOR THE RECORDING OF INDEXING INFORMATION, EACH OF SAID CARDS BEARING IN ITS FIRST FIELD A CODE SYMBOL OF THE SECTION IN WHICH THE LEGEND ON SAID EACH RECORD IS REPRESENTED IN SAID DETAIL MAP AND ALSO BEARING IN SAID SECOND AND THIRD FIELDS RESPECTIVELY INDICIA INDICATING THE LOCATION WHERE SAID LEGEND APPEARS ON SAID DETAIL MAP, SAID CODE SYMBOLS BEING IN THE FORM OF PERFORATIONS PUNCHED IN ALPHANUMERIC CODE, CONGRUENT LOCATIONS ON THE RESPECTIVE DETAIL MAPS BEING REPRESENTED BY IDENTICAL INDICIA PUNCHED ON THE PUNCHED CARDS IN FIELDS THEREON CORRESPONDING TO SAID CONGRUENT LOCATIONS ON SAID DETAIL MAPS. 